Mercurial > hg > blitz_stable
annotate src/EDU/oswego/cs/dl/util/concurrent/FJTask.java @ 8:fa7203ea1622
Remove some dead code (Dave Brosius)
author | Dan Creswell <dan.creswell@gmail.com> |
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date | Sat, 23 May 2009 11:27:41 +0100 |
parents | 3dc0c5604566 |
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1 /* |
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2 File: Task.java |
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3 |
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4 Originally written by Doug Lea and released into the public domain. |
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5 This may be used for any purposes whatsoever without acknowledgment. |
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6 Thanks for the assistance and support of Sun Microsystems Labs, |
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7 and everyone contributing, testing, and using this code. |
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8 |
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9 History: |
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10 Date Who What |
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11 7Jan1999 dl first release |
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12 14jan1999 dl simplify start() semantics; |
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13 improve documentation |
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14 18Jan1999 dl Eliminate useless time-based waits. |
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15 7Mar1999 dl Add reset method, |
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16 add array-based composite operations |
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17 27Apr1999 dl Rename |
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18 */ |
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19 |
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20 package EDU.oswego.cs.dl.util.concurrent; |
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21 |
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22 |
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23 /** |
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24 * Abstract base class for Fork/Join Tasks. |
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25 * |
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26 * <p> |
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27 * FJTasks are lightweight, stripped-down analogs of Threads. |
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28 * Many FJTasks share the same pool of Java threads. This is |
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29 * supported by the FJTaskRunnerGroup and FJTaskRunner classes, that |
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30 * mainly contain |
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31 * methods called only internally by FJTasks. |
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32 * FJTasks support versions of the most common methods found in class Thread, |
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33 * including start(), yield() and join(). However, they |
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34 * don't support priorities, ThreadGroups or other bookkeeping |
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35 * or control methods of class Thread. |
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36 * <p> |
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37 * FJTasks should normally be defined by subclassing and adding a run() method. |
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38 * Alternatively, static inner class <code>Wrap(Runnable r)</code> |
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39 * can be used to |
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40 * wrap an existing Runnable object in a FJTask. |
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41 * <p> |
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42 * <code>FJTaskRunnerGroup.execute(FJTask)</code> can be used to |
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43 * initiate a FJTask from a non-FJTask thread. |
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44 * And <code>FJTaskRunnerGroup.invoke(FJTask)</code> can be used to initiate |
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45 * a FJTask and then wait for it to complete before returning. |
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46 * These are the only entry-points from normal threads to FJTasks. |
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47 * Most FJTask methods themselves may only be called from within running FJTasks. |
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48 * They throw ClassCastExceptions if they are not, |
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49 * reflecting the fact that these methods |
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50 * can only be executed using FJTaskRunner threads, not generic |
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51 * java.lang.Threads. |
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52 * <p> |
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53 * There are three different ways to run a FJTask, |
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54 * with different scheduling semantics: |
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55 * <ul> |
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56 * <li> FJTask.start() (as well as FJTaskRunnerGroup.execute(FJTask)) |
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57 * behaves pretty much like Thread.start(). It enqueues a task to be |
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58 * run the next time any FJTaskRunner thread is otherwise idle. |
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59 * It maintains standard FIFO ordering with respect to |
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60 * the group of worker threads. |
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61 * <li> FJTask.fork() (as well as the two-task spawning method, |
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62 * coInvoke(task1, task2), and the array version |
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63 * coInvoke(FJTask[] tasks)) starts a task |
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64 * that will be executed in |
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65 * procedure-call-like LIFO order if executed by the |
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66 * same worker thread as the one that created it, but is FIFO |
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67 * with respect to other tasks if it is run by |
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68 * other worker threads. That is, earlier-forked |
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69 * tasks are preferred to later-forked tasks by other idle workers. |
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70 * Fork() is noticeably faster than start(), but can only be |
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71 * used when these scheduling semantics are acceptable. |
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72 * <li> FJTask.invoke(FJTask) just executes the run method |
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73 * of one task from within another. It is the analog of a |
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74 * direct call. |
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75 * </ul> |
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76 * <p> |
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77 * The main economies of FJTasks stem from the fact that |
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78 * FJTasks do not support blocking operations of any kind. |
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79 * FJTasks should just run to completion without |
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80 * issuing waits or performing blocking IO. |
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81 * There are several styles for creating the run methods that |
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82 * execute as tasks, including |
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83 * event-style methods, and pure computational methods. |
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84 * Generally, the best kinds of FJTasks are those that in turn |
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85 * generate other FJTasks. |
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86 * <p> |
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87 * There is nothing actually |
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88 * preventing you from blocking within a FJTask, and very short waits/blocks are |
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89 * completely well behaved. But FJTasks are not designed |
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90 * to support arbitrary synchronization |
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91 * since there is no way to suspend and resume individual tasks |
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92 * once they have begun executing. FJTasks should also be finite |
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93 * in duration -- they should not contain infinite loops. |
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94 * FJTasks that might need to perform a blocking |
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95 * action, or hold locks for extended periods, or |
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96 * loop forever can instead create normal |
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97 * java Thread objects that will do so. FJTasks are just not |
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98 * designed to support these things. |
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99 * FJTasks may however yield() control to allow their FJTaskRunner threads |
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100 * to run other tasks, |
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101 * and may wait for other dependent tasks via join(). These |
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102 * are the only coordination mechanisms supported by FJTasks. |
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103 * <p> |
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104 * FJTasks, and the FJTaskRunners that execute them are not |
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105 * intrinsically robust with respect to exceptions. |
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106 * A FJTask that aborts via an exception does not automatically |
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107 * have its completion flag (isDone) set. |
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108 * As with ordinary Threads, an uncaught exception will normally cause |
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109 * its FJTaskRunner thread to die, which in turn may sometimes |
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110 * cause other computations being performed to hang or abort. |
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111 * You can of course |
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112 * do better by trapping exceptions inside the run methods of FJTasks. |
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113 * <p> |
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114 * The overhead differences between FJTasks and Threads are substantial, |
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115 * especially when using fork() or coInvoke(). |
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116 * FJTasks can be two or three orders of magnitude faster than Threads, |
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117 * at least when run on JVMs with high-performance garbage collection |
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118 * (every FJTask quickly becomes garbage) and good native thread support. |
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119 * <p> |
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120 * Given these overhead savings, you might be tempted to use FJTasks for |
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121 * everything you would use a normal Thread to do. Don't. Java Threads |
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122 * remain better for general purpose thread-based programming. Remember |
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123 * that FJTasks cannot be used for designs involving arbitrary blocking |
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124 * synchronization or I/O. Extending FJTasks to support such capabilities |
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125 * would amount to re-inventing the Thread class, and would make them |
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126 * less optimal in the contexts that they were designed for. |
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127 * <p>[<a href="http://gee.cs.oswego.edu/dl/classes/EDU/oswego/cs/dl/util/concurrent/intro.html"> Introduction to this package. </a>] |
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128 * <p> |
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129 * @see FJTaskRunner |
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130 * @see FJTaskRunnerGroup |
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131 **/ |
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132 |
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133 public abstract class FJTask implements Runnable { |
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134 |
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135 /** |
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136 * The only status information associated with FJTasks is whether |
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137 * the they are considered to have completed. |
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138 * It is set true automatically within |
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139 * FJTaskRunner methods upon completion |
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140 * of the run method, or manually via cancel. |
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141 **/ |
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142 |
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143 private volatile boolean done; // = false; |
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144 |
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145 /** |
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146 * Return the FJTaskRunner thread running the current FJTask. |
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147 * Most FJTask methods are just relays to their current |
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148 * FJTaskRunners, that perform the indicated actions. |
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149 * @exception ClassCastException if caller thread is not a |
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150 * running FJTask. |
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151 **/ |
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152 |
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153 public static FJTaskRunner getFJTaskRunner() { |
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154 return (FJTaskRunner)(Thread.currentThread()); |
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155 } |
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156 |
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157 /** |
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158 * Return the FJTaskRunnerGroup of the thread running the current FJTask. |
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159 * @exception ClassCastException if caller thread is not a |
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160 * running FJTask. |
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161 **/ |
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162 public static FJTaskRunnerGroup getFJTaskRunnerGroup() { |
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163 return getFJTaskRunner().getGroup(); |
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164 } |
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165 |
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166 |
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167 /** |
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168 * Return true if current task has terminated or been cancelled. |
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169 * The method is a simple analog of the Thread.isAlive() |
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170 * method. However, it reports true only when the task has terminated |
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171 * or has been cancelled. It does not distinguish these two cases. |
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172 * And there is no way to determine whether a FJTask has been started |
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173 * or is currently executing. |
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174 **/ |
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175 |
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176 public final boolean isDone() { return done; } |
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177 |
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178 /** |
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179 * Indicate termination. Intended only to be called by FJTaskRunner. |
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180 * FJTasks themselves should use (non-final) method |
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181 * cancel() to suppress execution. |
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182 **/ |
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183 |
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184 protected final void setDone() { done = true; } |
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185 |
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186 /** |
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187 * Set the termination status of this task. This simple-minded |
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188 * analog of Thread.interrupt |
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189 * causes the task not to execute if it has not already been started. |
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190 * Cancelling a running FJTask |
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191 * has no effect unless the run method itself uses isDone() |
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192 * to probe cancellation and take appropriate action. |
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193 * Individual run() methods may sense status and |
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194 * act accordingly, normally by returning early. |
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195 **/ |
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196 |
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197 public void cancel() { setDone(); } |
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198 |
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199 |
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200 /** |
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201 * Clear the termination status of this task. |
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202 * This method is intended to be used |
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203 * only as a means to allow task objects to be recycled. It should |
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204 * be called only when you are sure that the previous |
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205 * execution of this task has terminated and, if applicable, has |
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206 * been joined by all other waiting tasks. Usage in any other |
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207 * context is a very bad idea. |
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208 **/ |
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209 |
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210 public void reset() { done = false; } |
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211 |
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212 |
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213 /** |
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214 * Execute this task. This method merely places the task in a |
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215 * group-wide scheduling queue. |
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216 * It will be run |
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217 * the next time any TaskRunner thread is otherwise idle. |
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218 * This scheduling maintains FIFO ordering of started tasks |
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219 * with respect to |
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220 * the group of worker threads. |
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221 * @exception ClassCastException if caller thread is not |
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222 * running in a FJTaskRunner thread. |
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223 **/ |
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224 |
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225 public void start() { getFJTaskRunnerGroup().executeTask(this); } |
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226 |
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227 |
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228 /** |
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229 * Arrange for execution of a strictly dependent task. |
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230 * The task that will be executed in |
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231 * procedure-call-like LIFO order if executed by the |
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232 * same worker thread, but is FIFO with respect to other tasks |
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233 * forked by this thread when taken by other worker threads. |
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234 * That is, earlier-forked |
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235 * tasks are preferred to later-forked tasks by other idle workers. |
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236 * <p> |
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237 * Fork() is noticeably |
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238 * faster than start(). However, it may only |
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239 * be used for strictly dependent tasks -- generally, those that |
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240 * could logically be issued as straight method calls without |
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241 * changing the logic of the program. |
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242 * The method is optimized for use in parallel fork/join designs |
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243 * in which the thread that issues one or more forks |
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244 * cannot continue until at least some of the forked |
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245 * threads terminate and are joined. |
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246 * @exception ClassCastException if caller thread is not |
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247 * running in a FJTaskRunner thread. |
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248 **/ |
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249 |
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250 public void fork() { getFJTaskRunner().push(this); } |
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251 |
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252 /** |
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253 * Allow the current underlying FJTaskRunner thread to process other tasks. |
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254 * <p> |
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255 * Spinloops based on yield() are well behaved so long |
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256 * as the event or condition being waited for is produced via another |
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257 * FJTask. Additionally, you must never hold a lock |
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258 * while performing a yield or join. (This is because |
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259 * multiple FJTasks can be run by the same Thread during |
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260 * a yield. Since java locks are held per-thread, the lock would not |
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261 * maintain the conceptual exclusion you have in mind.) |
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262 * <p> |
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263 * Otherwise, spinloops using |
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264 * yield are the main construction of choice when a task must wait |
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265 * for a condition that it is sure will eventually occur because it |
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266 * is being produced by some other FJTask. The most common |
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267 * such condition is built-in: join() repeatedly yields until a task |
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268 * has terminated after producing some needed results. You can also |
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269 * use yield to wait for callbacks from other FJTasks, to wait for |
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270 * status flags to be set, and so on. However, in all these cases, |
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271 * you should be confident that the condition being waited for will |
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272 * occur, essentially always because it is produced by |
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273 * a FJTask generated by the current task, or one of its subtasks. |
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274 * |
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275 * @exception ClassCastException if caller thread is not |
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276 * running in a FJTaskRunner thread. |
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277 **/ |
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278 |
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279 public static void yield() { getFJTaskRunner().taskYield(); } |
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280 |
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281 /** |
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282 * Yield until this task isDone. |
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283 * Equivalent to <code>while(!isDone()) yield(); </code> |
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284 * @exception ClassCastException if caller thread is not |
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285 * running in a FJTaskRunner thread. |
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286 **/ |
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287 |
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288 public void join() { getFJTaskRunner().taskJoin(this); } |
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289 |
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290 /** |
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291 * Immediately execute task t by calling its run method. Has no |
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292 * effect if t has already been run or has been cancelled. |
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293 * It is equivalent to calling t.run except that it |
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294 * deals with completion status, so should always be used |
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295 * instead of directly calling run. |
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296 * The method can be useful |
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297 * when a computation has been packaged as a FJTask, but you just need to |
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298 * directly execute its body from within some other task. |
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299 **/ |
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300 |
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301 public static void invoke(FJTask t) { |
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302 if (!t.isDone()) { |
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303 t.run(); |
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304 t.setDone(); |
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305 } |
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306 } |
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307 |
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308 /** |
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309 * Fork both tasks and then wait for their completion. It behaves as: |
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310 * <pre> |
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311 * task1.fork(); task2.fork(); task2.join(); task1.join(); |
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312 * </pre> |
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313 * As a simple classic example, here is |
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314 * a class that computes the Fibonacci function: |
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315 * <pre> |
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316 * public class Fib extends FJTask { |
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317 * |
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318 * // Computes fibonacci(n) = fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2); for n> 1 |
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319 * // fibonacci(0) = 0; |
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320 * // fibonacci(1) = 1. |
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321 * |
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322 * // Value to compute fibonacci function for. |
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323 * // It is replaced with the answer when computed. |
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324 * private volatile int number; |
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325 * |
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326 * public Fib(int n) { number = n; } |
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327 * |
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328 * public int getAnswer() { |
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329 * if (!isDone()) throw new Error("Not yet computed"); |
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330 * return number; |
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331 * } |
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332 * |
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333 * public void run() { |
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334 * int n = number; |
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335 * if (n > 1) { |
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336 * Fib f1 = new Fib(n - 1); |
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337 * Fib f2 = new Fib(n - 2); |
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338 * |
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339 * coInvoke(f1, f2); // run these in parallel |
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340 * |
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341 * // we know f1 and f2 are computed, so just directly access numbers |
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342 * number = f1.number + f2.number; |
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343 * } |
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344 * } |
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345 * |
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346 * public static void main(String[] args) { // sample driver |
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347 * try { |
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348 * int groupSize = 2; // 2 worker threads |
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349 * int num = 35; // compute fib(35) |
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350 * FJTaskRunnerGroup group = new FJTaskRunnerGroup(groupSize); |
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351 * Fib f = new Fib(num); |
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352 * group.invoke(f); |
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353 * int result = f.getAnswer(); |
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354 * System.out.println(" Answer: " + result); |
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355 * } |
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356 * catch (InterruptedException ex) { |
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357 * System.out.println("Interrupted"); |
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358 * } |
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359 * } |
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360 * } |
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361 * </pre> |
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362 * |
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363 * @exception ClassCastException if caller thread is not |
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364 * running in a FJTaskRunner thread. |
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365 **/ |
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366 |
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367 public static void coInvoke(FJTask task1, FJTask task2) { |
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368 getFJTaskRunner().coInvoke(task1, task2); |
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369 } |
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370 |
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371 |
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372 /** |
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373 * Fork all tasks in array, and await their completion. |
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374 * Behaviorally equivalent to: |
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375 * <pre> |
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376 * for (int i = 0; i < tasks.length; ++i) tasks[i].fork(); |
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377 * for (int i = 0; i < tasks.length; ++i) tasks[i].join(); |
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378 * </pre> |
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379 **/ |
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380 |
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381 public static void coInvoke(FJTask[] tasks) { |
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382 getFJTaskRunner().coInvoke(tasks); |
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383 } |
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384 |
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385 /** |
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386 * A FJTask that holds a Runnable r, and calls r.run when executed. |
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387 * The class is a simple utilty to allow arbitrary Runnables |
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388 * to be used as FJTasks. |
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389 **/ |
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390 |
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391 public static class Wrap extends FJTask { |
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392 protected final Runnable runnable; |
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393 public Wrap(Runnable r) { runnable = r; } |
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394 public void run() { runnable.run(); } |
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395 } |
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396 |
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397 |
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398 /** |
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399 * A <code>new Seq</code>, when executed, |
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400 * invokes each task provided in the constructor, in order. |
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401 * The class is a simple utility |
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402 * that makes it easier to create composite FJTasks. |
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403 **/ |
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404 public static class Seq extends FJTask { |
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405 protected final FJTask[] tasks; |
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406 |
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407 /** |
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408 * Construct a Seq that, when executed, will process each of the |
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409 * tasks in the tasks array in order |
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410 **/ |
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411 public Seq(FJTask[] tasks) { |
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412 this.tasks = tasks; |
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413 } |
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414 |
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415 /** |
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416 * Two-task constructor, for compatibility with previous release. |
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417 **/ |
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418 public Seq(FJTask task1, FJTask task2) { |
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419 this.tasks = new FJTask[] { task1, task2 }; |
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420 } |
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421 |
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422 public void run() { |
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423 for (int i = 0; i < tasks.length; ++i) FJTask.invoke(tasks[i]); |
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424 } |
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425 } |
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426 |
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427 /** |
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428 * Construct and return a FJTask object that, when executed, will |
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429 * invoke the tasks in the tasks array in array order |
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430 **/ |
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431 |
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432 public static FJTask seq(FJTask[] tasks) { |
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433 return new Seq(tasks); |
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434 } |
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435 |
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436 /** |
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437 * A <code>new Par</code>, when executed, |
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438 * runs the tasks provided in the constructor in parallel using |
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439 * coInvoke(tasks). |
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440 * The class is a simple utility |
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441 * that makes it easier to create composite FJTasks. |
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442 **/ |
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443 public static class Par extends FJTask { |
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444 protected final FJTask[] tasks; |
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445 |
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446 /** |
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447 * Construct a Seq that, when executed, will process each of the |
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448 * tasks in the tasks array in parallel |
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449 **/ |
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450 public Par(FJTask[] tasks) { |
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451 this.tasks = tasks; |
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452 } |
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453 |
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454 /** |
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455 * Two-task constructor, for compatibility with previous release. |
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456 **/ |
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457 public Par(FJTask task1, FJTask task2) { |
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458 this.tasks = new FJTask[] { task1, task2 }; |
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459 } |
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460 |
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461 |
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462 public void run() { |
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463 FJTask.coInvoke(tasks); |
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464 } |
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465 } |
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466 |
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467 |
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468 /** |
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469 * Construct and return a FJTask object that, when executed, will |
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470 * invoke the tasks in the tasks array in parallel using coInvoke |
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471 **/ |
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472 public static FJTask par(FJTask[] tasks) { |
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473 return new Par(tasks); |
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474 } |
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475 |
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476 /** |
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477 * A <code>new Seq2(task1, task2)</code>, when executed, |
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478 * invokes task1 and then task2, in order. |
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479 * The class is a simple utility |
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480 * that makes it easier to create composite Tasks. |
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481 **/ |
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482 public static class Seq2 extends FJTask { |
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483 protected final FJTask fst; |
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484 protected final FJTask snd; |
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485 public Seq2(FJTask task1, FJTask task2) { |
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486 fst = task1; |
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487 snd = task2; |
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488 } |
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489 public void run() { |
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490 FJTask.invoke(fst); |
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491 FJTask.invoke(snd); |
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492 } |
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493 } |
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494 |
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495 /** |
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496 * Construct and return a FJTask object that, when executed, will |
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497 * invoke task1 and task2, in order |
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498 **/ |
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499 |
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500 public static FJTask seq(FJTask task1, FJTask task2) { |
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501 return new Seq2(task1, task2); |
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502 } |
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503 |
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504 /** |
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505 * A <code>new Par(task1, task2)</code>, when executed, |
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506 * runs task1 and task2 in parallel using coInvoke(task1, task2). |
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507 * The class is a simple utility |
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508 * that makes it easier to create composite Tasks. |
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509 **/ |
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510 public static class Par2 extends FJTask { |
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511 protected final FJTask fst; |
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512 protected final FJTask snd; |
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513 public Par2(FJTask task1, FJTask task2) { |
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514 fst = task1; |
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515 snd = task2; |
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516 } |
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517 public void run() { |
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518 FJTask.coInvoke(fst, snd); |
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519 } |
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520 } |
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521 |
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522 |
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523 /** |
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524 * Construct and return a FJTask object that, when executed, will |
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525 * invoke task1 and task2, in parallel |
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526 **/ |
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527 public static FJTask par(FJTask task1, FJTask task2) { |
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528 return new Par2(task1, task2); |
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529 } |
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530 |
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531 } |